The History of American Literature free essay sample

Similar stories, tales, or conviction structures were told more than once, each time Identical to the last, and were retained by the audience members so they would have the option to give these to the people to come. They additionally utilized pictures, carvings, or unique tokens, for example, bones, teeth, quills, or skins as tokens of incredible chases or wars. On the off chance that a whole clan and every one of its relatives were slaughtered off, the particular stories and history of that clan would likewise be gone. Different clans may discuss the first, however never in a similar detail or with a similar point of view as the first clan members.Long before pioneers showed up In America, travelers gave an account of their journeys to the mainland. Italian pioneer America Vesuvius gave the absolute most punctual European depictions of the American landmass. Before 1600 Sir Walter Raleigh, Richard Hackett, Thomas Harriet, and John White had distributed records of revelations. The compositions of Captain John Smith, a pioneer whose movements brought him here and there the eastern seaboard of America, speak to a move from investigation story toward early history. We will compose a custom article test on The History of American Literature or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Early narratives, be that as it may, were composed generally by pilgrims instead of by voyagers. William Bradford, the principal legislative head of the Plymouth Colony. Composed his Of Plymouth Plantation from 1620 to 1647 . Another significant student of history of early America was Thomas Morton, whose New English Canaan utilized cleverness in depicting what he viewed as the tyrannical and narrow minded characteristics of the Puritans . Narratives of early America, particularly in New England, were loaded up with references to the Bible and to Gods will. Almost all occasions could be clarified from this strict point of view: Foul climate and sicknesses were seen as Gods anger; a plentiful reap spoke to Gods blessing.Given the Puritans relationship with God, It Is not astounding that messages and different strict works commanded writing in America in the 1 backtalk. John Cotton, Thomas Hooker, Roger Williams, and John Winthrop were among the most unmistakable strict essayists. A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mary Rowland (1682). This work is a firsthand record by a pioneer who was abducted by Indians during King Phillips War. It presents an emotional story of misery and of Railroadings endeavors to understand that torment. Her story turned into the model for another class of early American writing: bondage rarities.Such accounts became staples of American writing and in the long run gave material to American fiction. While still strict in tone and reason, imprisonment accounts underlined the encounters of people. They additionally consolidated a large number of the basics of fiction, utilizing characters, sensational activity and setting. The Salem witch preliminaries of 1692 were another period In early Massachusetts town brought about the execution of 14 ladies and 6 men, Cotton Matters The Wonders of the Invisible World (1693) recorded the occasions of the witch trials.Cotton Matter stayed a significant artistic figure in the eighteenth century. His Magnolia Christi Americana (The Great Works of Christ in America, 1702) is a background marked by New England that praises the establishing age of Puritans. Like his previous works, it is strict; be that as it may, its enthusiasm for the human side of the Puritan authors denoted another accomplishment in American abstract history. Matters compensating profession remembered works for science and medication just as philosophy and history. His Sentiments on the Small Pox Inoculated (1721) was instrumental in acquainting the smallpox immunization with New England.A new sort for American journalists, the movement account, would turn out to be particularly compelling late in the backtalk. Travel stories incorporate Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America (1778) by Jonathan Carver and Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, and so forth (1791) by William Bertram . Travel stories regularly mixed perceptions on nature and scene with stories of individual mental fortitude and accomplishment. The main American paper, the Boston News-Letter, was established in 1704, and Joined by the Boston Gazette in 1719.At when swapper Journalism was concerned principally with detailing political occasions, the New-England Currant, began by James Franklin in 1721, turned into the primary paper to incorporate artistic amusement. Franklins more youthful sibling Benjamin Franklin distributed silly social critique in the Currant under the nom de plume of Silence Dogwood . Magazines additionally showed up without precedent for the provinces during the mid-backtalk. Before 1800 magazines were concerned basically with estimatin g Americas creating society against the British model. During the backtalk Boston and Philadelphia became focuses of distributing notwithstanding being political and prehistoric focuses. Benjamin Franklin was key in building up a composing network in Philadelphia. In 1727 he and a gathering of companions built up a mens perusing club in Philadelphia called the Junta . Individuals shared printed works and talked about subjects of the day. Such perusing and conversation clubs turned into a significant piece of American culture. Ladies composed scholarly circles in the backtalk and backtalk. These gatherings, known as salons, looked like mens understanding clubs. They likewise urged individuals to form their own work, mostly verse, yet not very many of these works were safeguarded. By the mid-backtalk American composing was basically political. In America the eighteenth century was known as the Age of Enlightenment. Americans held a developing confidence in the matchless quality of reason over chapel; they additionally focused on the significance of the individual and opportunity over specialists and foundations. Americas incredible Enlightenment journalists included Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson, who likewise assumed significant jobs in the American Revolution.Thomas Paine turned into a main figure in the reason for American autonomy with the handout Common Sense (1776). This gigantically well known political archive expressed that the American provinces got no bit of leeway from Great Britain and that moon sense called for them to set up an autonomous republican government. Written in a direct style utilizing the language of the basic individual, Common Sense was distributed Just months before the Declaration of Independence Great Britain could be settled peaceably.Paine shook this conviction, causing his perusers to feel that every individual had the force and obligation to partake in the upheaval. The Declaration of Independence was a significant accomplishment in both legislative issues and American composition. It was organized as a statement that was then demonstrated through explicit models. The assertion was composed by a board of trustees comprised of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston, however Jefferson was at last answerable for the majority of the composition .The assertion and the Constitution of the United States (1787) were key explanations of American opportunity, yet as communitarian records they required trade offs to fulfill the entirety of their creators. One of the most critical trade offs was the nonattendance of any notice of bondage. Bondage was exploitative from the perspectives on the American Revolution, yet for solidarity with the Southern settlements, whose cotton) economy was established in servitude, no dissent was made against it. A last whirlwind of political composition at the end of the century emerged from the discussion over confirmation of the Constitution.Federalists upheld the solid focal government delineated in the Constitution, while an enemy of Federalist group contradicted it. A progression of expositions supporting sanction was distributed in 1787 and 1788 and coursed in flyers. The expositions, later distributed as The Federalist, were composed by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay . Slave stories recorded another side of life in America. The Interesting Narrative f the Life of Aloud Equation, or Gustavo Vass, the African (1789) has for quite some time been viewed as a significant African American text.American fiction was officially settled after the American Revolution. The Power of Sympathy (1789), a disastrous romantic tale by William Hill Brown, is commonly viewed as the principal American tale . Another Literary achievement was Hannah Fosters The Coquette (1797), a novel as letters, or an epistolary novel. Through the span of the nineteenth century the nation advanced from an agrarian economy focused on the Eastern coast to an industrialized country that spread over the mainland. With the emotional changes in the country came sensational changes in its literature.At the beginning of the sasss just a bunch of books had been composed, yet by mid-century American fiction matched the best on the planet. Life story and history stayed solid; strict composition, then again, had generously declined in significance. Among the main improvements of the youthful country was the acknowledgment that America had its own language and that American English contrasted from British English. Noah Webster, taking note of the novel American styles in language and writing, attempted the huge undertaking of building up an American dictionary.He had just pushed changes in American spellings of English words in such compositions as Dissertations on the English Language (1789) . Webster distributed his first word reference in 1806. The primary version of his significant work, American Dictionary of the English Language, turned out in 1828. What made this work radical was his emphasis on characterizing words put together with respect to customary English utilization as well as on American varieties in use, called Americanism, and his incorporation of at any rate 12,000 new words not recently perceived by E nglish word references. Picking up autonomy likewise gave the United States

CVS stops selling tobacco products Essay

Reason, pronounced Kant, is the source and extreme reason for profound quality. Ethical quality entirely rests in unadulterated, inborn explanation and not in instinct, still, small voice, law, or utility. The standard of profound quality, subsequently, is natural in the human psyche; it is determinable just regarding the brain; and it is gotten from one’s innerself by direct discernment (Cavico and Mujtaba, 2013). As per Kant, so as to be good, one must be levelheaded. â€Å"The right utilization of reason is coordinated to moral ends† (Cavico and Mujtaba, 2009). An individual needs to think objectively, the person in question doesn't have contemplate personal responsibility. Because of that, there is a bad situation for such thing as Ethical Egoism. Individuals ought to be treated with nobility and regard. Kant presumes that individuals are discerning and can use reason (Cavico and Mujtaba, 2009). Kant considered the incomparable moral standards the Categorical Impera tive. This rule is essential component of human explanation and establishment whereupon rest every single good judgment (Cavico and Mujtaba, 2013). Kant’s technique has three pieces of testing, which are utilized for ID whether an activity is good. Regardless of in what sort of circumstance an individual can be, an objective individual plays out an activity since the person has an ethical commitment and obligation. Utilization of Kantian Ethical Analysis The clear cut Imperative isn't a guideline of activity itself; rather, it morally sets out the structure an ethical proverb must take. In this manner, said Kant, reason shows that an ethical activity must have a specific structure. The morals â€Å"test† is a conventional test (Cavico and Mujtaba, 2013). Actually, an individual needs to demonstrate whether his/her activities would be effective or would be considered as an implosion. For this situation, the test will establish that circumstance with the organization such CVS will be in all probability fruitful. One of the principle reasons that the organization is doing this, is to show general society and contenders that it truly thinks about the wellbeing and prosperity of its clients and the country. By taking out all tobacco items from all CVS stores in the United States, the organization of the organization who have principle contribution to the way how the firm functions, would truly profit. When all is said in done open may be shocked that CVS are going to point on people’s wellbeing. In this sort of circumstance numerous things will change and increment in the business, things as trust and certainty would be kept up. In this way, activity breezes through theâ first assessment. The subsequent test expresses that each individual ought to be treated with pride, regard and as an important and beneficial element (Cavico and Mujtaba, 2009).This test includes without anyone else investors, representative, manager, buyers, and society also. For this situation a few people have distinctive perspective, some of them solidly accept that they reserve the option to purchase any items they like or to do whatever they decided to do. There is a contention, which clarifies that it may be untrustworthy for the organization like CVS to make individuals awkward for buying tobacco items. CVS doesn't show any regard for smokers. They feel themselves not invited. As per Kantian hypothesis CVS should need to ensure that their customers feel great and welcome in the drugstores, regardless of what sort of items are sold. CVS needs to break down and consider clients themselves, not just about benefits, despite the fact that that fundamentally, having business is for money reason. To adjust with the Kantian perspectives, the organization like CVS which is one of the biggest drugstore chains in the United States, should give more consideration for its flourishing, as opposed to a little part of the firm to have a few benefits. Kant expect that individuals can't exploit someone else. Moreover, it likewise clarifies that individuals can't act and do anything without full perception and authorization of the individual. An indivi dual needs someone’s legitimate, scholarly, complete understanding for this to occur. In this circumstance, individuals can think in an unexpected way. Some of them can bolster CVS for expelling tobacco items from drug store place, since it is moral and some of them solidly contend with this announcement. Despite the fact that that the individuals profoundly comprehend that the items they were buying have the dangers for their wellbeing and extremely destructive for their creatures. As indicated by this data, the subsequent test will fall flat. The third test is the specialist collector test which asks whether a reasonable individual would acknowledge the activity or rule whether or not the individual was the operator or the beneficiary of the activity (Cavico and Mujtaba, 2009). Along these lines, the fundamental expense of this change would be a significant misfortune in salary. Be that as it may, individuals can lose their positions, the chiefs and administrators will feel decline in pay rates. Numerous workers might be at risk for losing an employment. Also, the costs of portions of stocks will diminish, at that point shareholdersâ could be at risk for losing income. These are altogether the potential methods of prohibiting all packs of cigarettes from CVS stores. In any case, investigation of the organization predicts that the advantages that CVS would get of trust and certainty would merit the peril of losing benefit. By quit selling tobacco items and expelling all desserts from the drugstores also, the firm would need to reconsider how and in what sort of ways it can have its salary. It will be hard to make due for the organization, particularly in the start of this change. It has a more awful result than simply minor misfortune in deals. The organization would have an antagonistic impact from this and numerous individuals would not have an advantage too. For this situation, clients and representatives would lose. As a result of CVS quits selling cigarettes, as we refe renced above, numerous individuals will lose their latent capacity positions, in this manner, the third test absolutely won't pass. Just if the organization will help their workers by giving them proposal letters and giving rã ©sumã ©/talk with preparing, the third test may be considered as passed. Be that as it may, as long as, the activity of CVS will be introduced in October of this current year. We despite everything don't know whether they will support their manager or not. In this way, during this snapshot of time, this activity is considered as not passed. Moral Conclusion Pursuant to Kantian Ethical Model An activity is ethically right on the off chance that it has a specific structure, and ethically off-base on the off chance that it doesn't have that structure. The Form, the Categorical Imperative, is the primary, preeminent, crucial standard in morals. It is the structure an ethical activity must have; it gives a definitive standard by which one test can test activity, rules, convictions, and norms to decide whether they are good (Cavico and Mujtaba, 2013). In view of Kant’s morals, the activity of CVS drug store about expelling tobacco items from the stores can be viewed as good, just in the event that it breezes through the Categorical Imperative assessments. Some sort of inquiries must be viewed as, for example, is this activity just profiting the organization or others too? How might CVS feel in the event that others played out this activity? In the event that the firm excused its activities, they would be good. As a matter of first importance, if everybody makes a simil ar move that took CVS, the world will get solid. We won't perceive any more passing because of tobacco items. CVS has consistently worked very well with great appraisals in clients administration and with high profit. Indeed, even with a boycott of tobacco in October, the organization is stillâ one of the main drug stores in the nation. In any case, this new arrangement may not satisfy everybody in the public arena. A few people, doubtlessly smokers imagine that this boycott is uncalled for and unscrupulous, however supervisors and administrators believed that it was the correct advance for the sound future and for the business. Because of this choice, the organization will pick up trust from its customers, which will bring about a progressively effective firm. At the end of the day, smokers won't be dealt with similarly with others with deference and respect, in this manner the subsequent test will fall flat. In general, if CVS will deal with individuals who presumably will lose t heir positions, the third test can be considered as passed. Regardless of the issues with Kantian morals, Kant’s significant achievement was to underscore, and to acknowledge, individuals as free, levelheaded, moral creatures, with people rights and willful obligations to regard others (Cavico and Mujtaba, 2013). Taking everything into account, CVS’s unfathomable choice includes long haul point of view and forfeits. The organization of the organization has a strong procedure of how to work the organization and the entirety of the stores. With an incredible arrangement on activities, they can have an effective business. For whatever length of time that, it is such a huge organization, these progressions will be helpful, even with certain individuals against the stores, except if there is another significant change to items sooner rather than later.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 16th, 2019

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 16th, 2019 Sponsored by our giveaway of $100 to Amazon in support of Swords and Spaceships, our sci-fi/fantasy newsletter! These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals Nebula Awards Showcase 2018 by Jane Yolen for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The Turner House by Angela Flournoy for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The Wave in the Mind: Talks and Essays on the Writer, the Reader, and the Imagination by Ursula K. Le Guin for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals Every Heart a Doorway by Seanan McGuire for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Politics by Donna Brazile, Yolanda Caraway, Leah Daughtry, Minyon Moore for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Previous daily deals that are still active (as of this writing at least). Get em while theyre hot. My Name Is Lucy Barton by Elizabeth Strout for $2.99 Long Black Veil by Jennifer Finney Boylan for $1.99 This Savage Song by Victoria Schwab for $1.99 The Haunting of Tram Car 015 by P. Djèlí Clark for $3.99  (This is a pre-order link, out February 19) The Man Who Planted Trees by Jim Robbins for $1.99 Star Trek Cats by Jenny Parks for $1.99 A Quiet Life in the Country by T E Kinsey for $3.99 In the  Distance by Hernan Diaz for $3.99 Catfish and Mandala: A Two-Wheeled Voyage Through the Landscape and Memory of Vietnam by Andrew X. Pham for $1.99 Black Detroit: A Peoples History of Self-Determination by Herb Boyd for $1.99 A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini for $1.99 Dust Tracks on a Road: An Autobiography by Zora Neale Hurston for $2.99 Rooms: A Novel by Lauren Oliver for $1.99 The Sun Does Shine: How I Found Life and Freedom on Death Row by Anthony Ray Hinton and Lara Love Hardin for $2.99 An Unkindness of Ghosts by Rivers Solomon for $2.99 When They Call You a Terrorist: A Black Lives Matter Memoir by Patrisse Khan-Cullors and asha bandele for $2.99 Eloquent Rage: A Black Feminist Discovers Her Superpower by Brittney C. Cooper for $2.99 This Is Just My Face: Try Not to Stare by Gabourey Sidibe for $2.99 How Long til Black Future Month? by N. K. Jemisin for $4.99 The Mothers by Brit Bennett for $1.99 The Language of Thorns: Midnight Tales and Dangerous Magic  by Leigh Bardugo for $2.99 The Traitor Baru Cormorant by Seth Dickinson for $2.99 32 Candles: A Novel by Ernessa T. Carter for $1.99 This Will Be My Undoing: Living at the Intersection of Black, Female, and Feminist in (White) America by Morgan Jerkins for $1.99 Just Kids by Patti Smith for $2.99 Little Failure: A Memoir by Gary Shteyngart for $1.99 Empire of Sand by Tasha Suri for $4.99 Life and Death in Shanghai by Nien Cheng for $4.99 Here Comes The Sun: A Novel  by Nicole Dennis-Benn for $3.99 The Sisters of the Winter Wood by Rena Rossner for $4.99 The Djinn Falls in Love and Other Stories edited by Mahvesh Murad and  Jared Shurin for $0.99 Binti  by Nnedi Okorafor for $3.99 Binti: Home  by Nnedi Okorafor for $3.99 Binti: The Night Masquerade by Nnedi Okorafor for $3.99 Instant Pot ®  Obsession: The Ultimate Electric Pressure Cooker Cookbook for Cooking Everything Fast by Janet A. Zimmerman for $0.99 Rosewater by Tade Thompson for $4.99 A Princess in Theory: Reluctant Royals by Alyssa Cole for $5.99 Tell the Truth Shame the Devil by Lezley McSpadden with Lyah Beth LeFlore for $0.99 Magic Bites by Ilona Andrews for $2.99 Once Ghosted, Twice Shy by Alyssa Cole for  $1.99 The End of Temperance Dare by Wendy Webb for  $1.99 Whatever Happened to Interracial Love? by Kathleen Collins for $3.99 In Search of Lost Time: Volumes 1-7  by Marcel Proust  for $0.99 Prime Meridian  by Silvia Moreno-Garcia for $3.99 The Mirror Empire by Kameron Hurley for $2.99 I Met a Traveller in an Antique Land  by Connie Willis for $0.99 On Tyranny by Timothy Snyder  for $3.99 Soy Sauce for Beginners by Kirstin Chen for $3.99 Dragon Keeper by Robin Hobb for $1.99 Silver Phoenix by Cindy Pon for $2.99 Anne Of Green Gables Collection by Lucy Maud Montgomery for $0.99 Dragonflight: Volume I in The Dragonriders of Pern by Anne McCaffrey for $2.99 A Curious Beginning by Deanna Raybourn for $2.99 George by Alex Gino for $3.99 Happy Dreams by Jia Pingwa, translated by Nicky Harman for $3.99 My Soul to Keep (African Immortals series) by Tananarive Due for $3.99 Destinys Captive by Beverly Jenkins for $1.99 Howls Moving Castle by Diana Wynne Jones for $3.99 A Rogue By Any Other Name by Sarah MacLean for $1.99 Half-Resurrection Blues by Daniel José Older for $2.99 Assassin’s Apprentice (The Farseer Trilogy, Book 1) by Robin Hobb for $2.99 The Invisible Library by Genevieve Cogman for $2.99 The Ruin of a Rake by Cat Sebastian for $2.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

Essay on Animal Rights Turning the Tables - 2311 Words

Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally.† Many animal activists see a strong comparison between animals used for research or entertainment and slaves (Day, 1994). Every year millions of animals are killed while being used for testing and entertainment. Some may say that animals do not have emotions so using them for these types of activities is acceptable. In spite of that, a huge question that arises is whether or not animals should have rights. This appears to be a controversial topic, considering that some people believe activities such as circuses, rodeos, and testing on animals is completely fine. It is evident that these people are unaware of†¦show more content†¦Force-feeding studies are also done, where the animals are forced to orally take in a chemical. This process is then repeated for up to several months. There are also tests known as lethal dose tests. In thes e tests the animals are forced to swallow large amounts of chemicals until the scientists discover the size of dose that will cause death (Types of animal, 2013). One of these experimental tests is the Draize eye test, which was created to assess chemical eye irritation using rabbits. During this test a chemical is placed in one eye and the other is left alone, being used to compare. The rabbit is restrained so it is not allowed to react normally. The animal’s eyes are evaluated within a 14-day span. These rabbits that are used for testing suffer from redness, bleeding, ulcers, and sometimes they are even blinded. During the experimentation, the rabbits are usually killed. Many people have denounced the Draize eye test, because the cornea of a rabbit differs greatly from the cornea of a humans eye, along with the fact that rabbits eyes produce a smaller amount of tears than humans, causing the rabbits eyes to suffer from more irritation. This makes the Draize test unreliable, subjective, and has great variation in its results (Types of animal, 2013). Another form of experimentation is Acute Toxicity. This test is used to determine the amount of dangerShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Consider The Lobster By David Foster Wallace1219 Words   |  5 Pagesensure that the meat reaches our table. â€Å"Consider the Lobster† by David Foster Wallace makes readers think of the little-known topic of animals rights, which is clearly explained to bring the whole picture concerning the violation of animal rights. In this essay, a general picture is explored by the ways in which the creatures have to undergo the violation of humans before they end up in the mouths of the consumers. Surely, the animals used for food also have rights, so they should be treated in aRead MoreMaternal Behavior Of Ewe Sensing An Environmental Threat Changes1277 Words   |  6 Pagesneonates will hardly be made without having an adaptive maternal care that provides basic needs of the neonate, such as warmth, shelter, food, or protection (Gubernick, 198 1). In this study, the protection level of the eight pregnant ewes, one of the animal spices specified as having a meek characteristic with no means of protection (Nowak, 1996), was measured to compare its frequency of perceiving an alert in means of protection for their offspring, during both pre-natal and post-natal stages. The hypothesisRead MoreDirecting Act 3 Scene 4 of William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pages It is extremely important that an author is able to manipulate a readers feelings towards a character in literary pieces; this is achieved by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare incorporates the use of imagery throughout the play; animals, blood, clothing and weather are some of the main components used as symbols. Literary elements such as symbolism are used for example the owl or falcon which when the play was written where both associated with supernatural happeningsRead MoreAll Creatures Matter in Richard Conniff’s essay Why God Created Flies606 Words   |  3 Pages Humans sometimes get the idea that we are superior to other species and even to other humans. We rarely think about how even the smallest things in our life make the biggest impact and that we,ourselves, are relied on by other animals. We also assume that something so annoying can not possibly be interesting or beneficial to use in anyway. Richard Conniff’s essay â€Å"Why God Created Flies† uses various biological and scientific evidence and fact to prove his point that everything in this world affectsRead MoreMorality in Eating Meat1046 Words   |  4 PagesWhen asked the question, â€Å"Is it right to eat beef?† many Americans and people across the world expect the Hindus because of religious reasons say yea. For some people eating beef is not morally right, either because they believe the animal has the right to live just as much as we (humans) do or simply because they feel they can obtain nutrients and nourishment an alternate way. For cattleman, chicken farm producers, slaughterhouses, and etc. whose livelihood depends on the producing livestock forRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Night 1207 Words   |  5 Pagesand Alan could see the bird sipping the potion. Alan’s jaw dropped. He pondered upon what it would do to animals. The wise man hadn’t said anything about animals. â€Å"That was supposed to be for Diana! Now what am I going to do?† Alan spoke out loud to himself. The bird was staring at him. â€Å"Go away bird.† However, the bird did not go away. Instead, it flew over to Alan and landed right on his shoulder. Alan shooed the bird off of his shoulder and started pacing towards the restaurant whereRead MoreYeast And Anaerobic Metabolism1259 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess of turning a variety of molecules into ATP within the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic metabolism is the process of turning a variety of molecules into ATP without the presence of oxygen. An example of anaerobic metabolism is the fermentation of glucose is converted into lactic acid. Aerobic metabolism is much more efficient then anaerobic metabolism. Potential energy is stored is a variety of different molecules that living cells can harvest and convert into ATP. Potential energy in animals are storedRead MoreSummary Of The Chaser 1216 Words   |  5 Pagesand Alan could see the bird sipping the potion. Alan’s jaw dropped. He pondered upon what it would do to animals. The wise man hadn’t said anything about animals. â€Å"That was supposed to be for Diana! Now what am I going to do?† Alan spoke out loud to himself. The bird was staring at him. â€Å"Go away bird.† However, the bird did not go away. Instead, it flew over to Alan and landed right on his shoulder. Alan shooed the bird off of his shoulder and started pacing towards the restaurant whereRead MoreNarrative Of Life Of Frederick Douglass1271 Words   |  6 Pagesobstacles that Douglass conquers to achieve his education teaches a modern reader that education is the key to escaping oppression. To begin with, Frederick Douglass experienced oppression not only as a slave, but through his early years and civil rights leader. Frederick Douglass was born a slave in Tuckahoe, Maryland in February in 1818. Slave masters had affairs with their slave women, and often got them pregnant, indicating that Douglass’s father was a white man. Despite affairs with slave womenRead MoreEssay on Meat Industry1538 Words   |  7 Pagesproduction instead of a means to raise livestock for consumers. Taking into consideration the demand for cheap meat that will be used for in quick and high demanded products such as frozen and fast food, this demand of meat has greatly skyrocketed. Animals whose sole purpose is for the public consumption of its meat have become nothing than just an input in a function for productivity. Days where natural fed, free roaming cattle was the source of meat is long lost and a manufactured corporation has

Sir Winston Churchill Essay - 1225 Words

Sir Winston Churchill Introduction Few leaders stand out in the history of the twentieth century more than Sir Winston Churchill. Remembered mainly as Great Britains prime minister who led the first successful stand against Adolf Hitlers Nazi Germany, he showed the world the importance of democracy and liberty by leading the battle against fascism and dictatorship. Churchill appeared headed for greatness even at his birth in 1874; his grandfather was the first Duke of Marlborough and his parents were Lord Randolph Churchill and Jennie Jerome, the American daughter of the New York Times proprietor. The first step towards being a great leader was not to rely on his familys achievements, but to forge his own path to†¦show more content†¦Soon, he was assigned to social policies, where he earned his reputation as a social reformer, setting up unemployment pay, as well as a job placement service. Later, after a temporary resignation in 1916, he fought in the trenches in the World War. In modern history, few men of Churchills importance have risked their lives on the battlefield. But his values were truly tested when England stood actionless while Adolf Hitler slowly threatened the freedom of Europe. Great Britain, worried about economic recovery from the depression, chose to appease Hitler rather than arm the military in case of a German strike. Churchill, ever the opponent of tyranny, warned repeatedly of Hitlers rise in power. Germany finally fulfilled Churchills prophecy by invading Poland on September 1, 1939. When Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister in 1940 he was immediately faced with two choices; continue the war, therefore pushing Britain further into debt, as well as inflicting thousands of English casualties, or attempt to negotiate with Hitler. Negotiation may have saved thousands of British soldiers, but millions would have paid the price in Hitlers pursuit of a purified Europe. Ultimately, Churchill not only backed the continued war effort, but through many rousing public addresses, gained needed support. Towards the end of his life Churchill once againShow MoreRelatedSir Winston Churchill Essay2316 Words   |  10 PagesWinston Churchill had many accomplishments during his life. He was a remarkable politician but also a gre at solider, speech writer, and artist. He was considered one of the best politicians and speech writers of both his time and ours. He was born into the upper class but was able to sympathize with the poor and working class too. Churchill was loved and respected by all. Of all his great accomplishments, Churchill was best known for his two terms as prime minister. Winston Churchill was theRead MoreSir Winston Churchill : A Biography1777 Words   |  8 PagesSir Winston Spencer-Churchill: A Biography Hannah Atkins English 12 May 2015 Never, never, never give up – 1941 speech to the students of Harrow Abstract This paper explores the personal life and career of Sir Winston Spencer- Churchill (1874-1965). Soldier, member of Parliament, Prime Minister twice, husband, father, leader- all of these apply to Winston Churchill, one of the most influential men of the twentieth century, and possibly all of time. He became one of the youngest membersRead MoreChurchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Essay2787 Words   |  12 PagesChurchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer (1874-1965), became one of the greatest statesmen in world history. Churchill reached the height of his fame as the heroic prime minister of the United Kingdom during World War II. He offered his people only blood, toil, tears, and sweat as they struggled to keep their freedom. Churchill also was a noted speaker, author, painter, soldier, and war reporter. Sir Winston Churchill Early in World War II,Read MoreThe Battle of Britain and Sir Winston Churchill Essay1881 Words   |  8 PagesThe Battle of Britain and Sir Winston Churchill Shortly after the Battle of Britain Sir Winston Churchill, the prime minister of Great Britain, is quoted as exclaiming, Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few. The few that Churchill was referring to were the brave aircrew that undertook the daunting task of repelling the massive offensive by the dreaded German air corps, the Luftwaffe. In the year 1940 Adolf Hitler ordered an offensive in coordinationRead MoreSir Winston Churchill Of Blenheim Palace Woodstock England1571 Words   |  7 Pages Sir Winston Churchill of blenheim palace woodstock england By Jack Sherman  Winston Churchill s life had been a constant mess of events leading to his fight against Adolf Hitler s threat to own Europe. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Churchill lead a successful joined strategy with the us president and Joseph Stalin during WWII to defeat the Axis powers and create after war peace. After the breakdown of the alliance, he notified the West to the expansionist threat of the sovietsRead MoreSir Winston Churchill s We Will Fight At The Beaches 1588 Words   |  7 PagesPedro Arcaya Persuasion and Propaganda Prof. Varga September 9th, 2015 Sir Winston Churchill’s â€Å"We Will Fight at the Beaches† Sir Winston Churchill is my favorite speaker of all times. He was a very prepared, confident and studied journalist, historian, artist, writer, (he won a Nobel Prize in Literature), an Officer of the UK army, a statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Even though I did not live through World War II nor am I British, listening to his speeches on YouTube really givesRead MoreA Brief Biography of Sir Winston Churchill Essay885 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Socialism is a philosophy of failure, the creed of ignorance and the gospel of envy. It’s inherent virtue is the equal sharing of misery(Sir Winston Churchill).† During World War I and II, much of Europe was taken over and placed into the slavery of socialism and of Adolf Hitler. While much of Europe was sitting on their hands over the crisis of Hitler, Churchill stood strong and knocked the Nazi general back into his place. Most European governments pre-World War II held total authority over itsRead MoreEssay on The Life and Experiences of Winston Churchill559 Words   |  3 PagesI chose Winston Churchill a political leader (Nov. 30, 1874-Jan. 24, 1965). In Winston Churchill’s early years as a child his parents were always traveling and had very busy socia l lives. Mrs. Everest was his nanny that took good care of him. At age eight he attended boarding school where he was considered as a troublemaker. At age twelve he was accepted in Military School where he studied military tactics. Later he graduated and worked for the Morning Post during the Boer War in South Africa. HeRead MoreEssay on Winston Churchill1479 Words   |  6 Pages Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Winston Churchill was one of the most influential people in this century. He held many offices, jobs, and positions that greatly affected the life of the British, and the history of the world. In Blenheim Palace at Woodstock on November 30th, 1874, Winston Churchill was born.1 He grew up as the first child of Lord Randolph Churchill.2 Lord Randolph Churchill held a seat as a member of Parliament and was considered a notable politicianRead MoreWinston Churchill, The Politician, The Speaker, The Prime1120 Words   |  5 PagesWinston Churchill, the politician, the speaker, the prime minister, the man who came up with the saying â€Å"Keep Calm and Carry On†. He was all these things, but also much more. Winston Churchill was born on November thirteenth 1874 to a famous British duke family. His father was Lord Randolph, a politician, and his mother was an American. They both somewhat abandoned him as a child, sending him to preparatory school to get in trouble and then to Harrow at age fourteen where he was told he had no academic

Are we obsessed with Celebrities in today(TM)s society Free Essays

â€Å"Dot, have you seen Stacey around?† Eastenders â€Å"I’m really enjoying it here in LA, but England will always be the best† David Beckham â€Å"I’ve kissed a lot of frogs, on my holidays† Sarah Harding (Girls Aloud) What is there left to watch? Celebrities? Haven’t we got our own personal lives? Celebrities on the telly, in magazines, on the internet, even in schools girls, gossiping about â€Å"hot† celebs or their dress sense. They’re even writing biographies and a large number of us go ahead and buy these biographies, because we’re so interested in other people’s lives. When out shopping, where ever you look there are posters of celebrities advertising objects of daily use. We will write a custom essay sample on Are we obsessed with Celebrities in today(TM)s society? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aren’t we too obsessed with celebrities in today’s society? Six people, out of a family of eight, living in High Wycombe would prefer to watch a programme on Tom Cruises love life rather than read a book, about â€Å"How technology has improved through time?† Since the, 20th century majority of the worlds people would rather be famous than educated and endeavour to do something for the world. Despite there are talented celebrities which with no doubt help the world. For example, in 2004 a number of Israel’s top celebrities women, gave a hand in helping out a foundation for Osteoporosis disease, yet aswell as this, donated a large amount of money, to these patients for their future lives. These Israeli women are much worthier of celebrity’s status, than the usual that we worship. So, there are celebrities with talents, also which have been used as role models with qualities such as: being extremely helpful towards people and nature; educating people; having modesty even after being successful; and most of all respecting people who are a lower society than them. Paparazzi, from an Italian dialect word for a particularly noisy, buzzing, irritating mosquito. Paparazzo’s are following celebrities everywhere, by contrast intruding into their personal lives. They want to find out what they eat? How they dress? Where they got their new haircut from? How many times in a week they have bath? Unfortunately, they even find this matter fascinating. Why should they be treated like this? It is like a juicy orange on floor, which is densely crowed by hundreds of ants who are trying to rapidly, trying to eat the orange in pleasure. Also, there is snapaparazzi, who is a journalist or passer-by, who witnesses an event and captures it on a video or digital picture using his or her mobile. Their whole life is captured on one photo like a letter, which could invite them to ruin their lives; on the other hand this gives people a source of entertainment and enjoyment. However, entertainment is designed to give pleasure and enjoyment to an audience, entertainment such as: concerts; radio; operas; films; new media; novels; theatre; sports. Entertainment is a part of life, which most of us extremely enjoy as they include celebrities. Without these aspects we would actually find ourselves purely bored, when we’re not occupied to something. It is only when the obsession gets out of hand! Celebrity Worship Syndrome is a newly identified psychological condition. A typical sufferer is a person who is obsessed with a person in the public eye. This condition is sometimes referred to â€Å"Celebrity Obsession Syndrome† or â€Å"Mad icon disease† .In 2002, it was shockingly gathered that there are 781 males and 942 females who suffer from this disease in UK .These people watch all appearances of this celebrity and even start to religiously worship them. They buy things which this celebrity has touched, a piece of clothing they have worn, even if it costs a fortune. A number a people, buy things to copy celebrities because they think it looks fashionable or to attract various people in their society. For example, a number of girls would want to buy a Chloe handbag just, because Victoria Beckham has it even if it would cost them any thing. Various people have been bankrupted, not knowing that they have spent so much on things that would not come in their, use rather than spending on something which is useful. Being bankrupted, means some companies do not allow you to take a loan from them or work for them, these serious consequences could ruin their lives. Isn’t this extreme? Turning on the TV, various programs like cribs, which invite people to see homes of celebrities, their garden to their garages, and their fridges to their wardrobes, are, shown on TV. Does it bother them? On the other hand, you open a magazine like ‘The Heat’ which criticizes celebs and abuses their personal lives. Despite this fact, 75% teenagers enjoy reading magazines although being in the position of being criticized and abused on TV and magazines, they would find it highly offensive and would take some sort of action towards it. But their still is a variety of serious programmes and channels on the television, for example history channel or science ,channels which give people good knowledge and help the, towards the future. Also, educational and serious magazines can be found, which further our knowledge in a range of subjects. It is our decision to choose the decent magazines or TV programmes so we can’t not blame celebrities on this aspect. Not only the younger society, but the older society, also suppose celebrities as perfect, the way they live, their hairstyles, their skin we don’t assume but celebrities themselves, have many difficulties to doubt with, socially and personally. We think, when we see these people on TV, they must have such any easy life. They have magnificent houses, they get whatever they want whenever they want. As no one can ever be perfect you have to just enjoy your life, the way you want it, in any circumstances. Although, celebrities are harmless, it’s just that, we people who are not famous overreact about things. We conduct things, which later on turns out to be a bit over the top, actually not realising it. In conclusion, people are obsessed with celebrities in today’s society. It’s mainly, not the celebrities fault they are just trying to give us a bit of entertainment and we take it out of hand ourselves. As a fact then, we are obsessed with celebrities; everything just needs to stay in the limits. How to cite Are we obsessed with Celebrities in today(TM)s society?, Papers

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY Essays - Superconductivity,

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY The definition of superconductivity. Superconductivity is a phenomenon displayed by certain conductors that show no resistance to the flow of electric current. Conductors are materials in which the electron current goes through. There are 4 different kinds of conductors. Insulators, like glass or wood, have a very high resistance while semi-conductors, such as silicon, have a medium resistance. Conductors, like copper and other metals, have very low resistance, and superconductors, comprised of certain metals such as mercury and ceramics such as lanthanum-barium-copper-oxide, have no resistance. Resistance is an obstacle in the flow of electricity. Superconductors also have strong dimagnetism. In other words, they are repelled by magnetic fields. Due to these special characteristics of superconductors, no electrical energy is lost while flowing and since magnetic levitation above a superconductor is possible, new technology in the future could include high-speed trains that travel at 483 km/h (300 mph) while levitating on a cushion of air, powerful medical systems that have many more capabilities than the CAT scan, or even magnetically driven ships that get their power from the ocean itself (Gibilisco 1993, p 28). Making materials become superconductors. When superconductivity was first discovered, it was established that the compounds needed to be cooled to within several degrees Kelvin to absolute zero (zero Kelvin). Zero degrees Kelvin is the same as -460 degrees Fahrenheit and -273 degrees Celsius. The large amount of cooling was done by putting the compound in liquid helium. Helium, which is usually a gas, liquefies when its temperature drops to 4 K. Once the material had cooled to that temperature, it became a superconductor. However, using liquid helium to cool down material has been a problem. Liquid helium is very expensive, and the cooling equipment is very large (Langone 1989, p 8). In the past, there was no economic incentive to replace ordinary conductors with superconductors because the cooling costs for superconductors were so high. Scientists have tried to find ways to overcome the cooling problems, and so far they have found 2. The first is to find a way to cool the material using something less expensive and less bulky than liquid helium. The second way is to raise the temperatures that are necessary to cause superconductivity in the metals, or the critical temperatures. By combining materials into superconducting alloys, the temperature was raised slightly. By 1933, the critical temperature was at 10 K, and it wasn't until 1969 when the critical temperature was raised to 23 K and scientists tried, unsuccessfully, to raise it again. Then, in 1986, 2 IBM researchers in Zurich found a complex ceramic material that was superconducting at 30 K. After being increased to 39 K in late 1986, a critical temperature of 98 K was reported by Ching-WuChu and his research team at the University of Houston in 1987. A new coolant was then used. Liquid nitrogen liquefies at 77 K, is fairly inexpensive, and can even be carried around in a thermos (Mayo 1988, p 7). Liquid nitrogen costs about 50 cents a liter, while liquid h elium costs several dollars a liter. Thanks to this new discovery, efficient and cost-effective superconductors could be created. HISTORY OF THE SUPERCONDUCTOR Discovery. In 1911, the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity while doing research on the effects of extremely cold temperatures on the properties of metals. While conducting his experiments, he discovered that mercury list all resistance to the flow of electricity when it was cooled to about 4 K. He then went on to discover superconductivity in other metals. In each case, the material had to be cooled to within several degrees Kelvin to absolute zero. To further his experiments, Onnes once put a current in a superconductor that was formed in the shape of a ring, and cooled it in liquid helium. One year after removing the source of electricity, the current was still flowing at its original strength in the superconductor (Hazen 1988, p 31). The only downside to the new finding was that scientists were unable to explain how it worked. Many scientists had theories, but it was Albert Einstein who perhaps summed it up best when he said in 1922, "With our cons iderable ignorance of complicated quantum-mechanical systems, we are far from

Race Crime Essays

Race Crime Essays Race Crime Essay Race Crime Essay There have been many studies conducted by both academics and government organisations to gain further insight into the reasons why, when compared to their representation as members of the population as a whole, people from black minority ethnic backgrounds, widely referred to as BME groups, are massively overrepresented in the criminal justice system in England and Wales (Webster, 2007;111). However, Feilzer and Hood have warned that all research has failed to conclusively prove whether different outcomes for minority ethnic people have been due to discrimination or as a result of other factors (Webster, 2007;112). This essay aims to critically account for the disproportionate presence of BME groups in the criminal justice system, in particular the police, the prison service and the courts, exploring possible reasons for the overrepresentation such as social exclusion and socio-economic disadvantage. The essay will also draw comparisons with other countries such as the United States of America and Australia. Criticism of the police and their relationship with BME groups is nothing new, and tensions within British society were exacerbated with the influx of West Indian immigrants in the 1950s. A study conducted in the 1960s compared urban and rural policing and described the negative stereotype that police officers held of members of the black community (Spalek, 2002;77). More recently, the murder of Stephen Lawrence and the subsequent Lawrence Inquiry produced a startling insight into the degree of, what Lord Macpherson termed, institutional racism within the criminal justice system (Macpherson, 1999). Recent statistics from the Ministry of Justice (MJ) illustrate the overrepresentation of BME groups in the criminal justice system. The Ministry of Justice report, Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2008/2009 (MJ, 2010) highlights some of the substantial differences that exist between the experiences of people from BME groups compared with those from a white background (MJ, 2010). The report illustrates that BME groups are disproportionately represented at every stage of the criminal justice system but specifically in stop and search, arrests and the prison population. However, this is not simply an issue in England and Wales, but reflects problems faced by criminal justice systems in other countries around the world (Bhui, 2009;50). It has been well established by many authors and studies that the use of stop and search powers by the police has been the most controversial issue (Bowling and Phillips, 2003;534) when dealing with the topic of policing minority ethnic communities. Stop and search powers are governed by section 1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984, which requires the police to have reasonable suspicion. It is this concept that gives rise to concerns about discrimination and racial profiling (Davies et al, 2005;170). People from BME backgrounds are also more likely to be stopped under the stop and search powers of section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, and are less likely to be given a reason for being stopped (Davies et al, 2005;171). Black and Asian people are 26. 6 and 6. 3 times more likely to be stopped and searched respectively than white people, under Section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (Townsend, 2010). This is a higher stop and search ratio than that recorded before the publication in 1999 of the Inquiry report into the murder of the black teenager, Stephen Lawrence. Section 60 powers enabled the police to use such stop and search in exceptional circumstances but has subsequently allowed the abuse of such powers through increased stereotyping, further alienating the most affected communities (Townsend, 2010). The report concluded that the overuse of stop and search had created significant mistrust in minority ethnic communities (Travis, 2010), and contributes to the idea that the system is institutionally racist. The Ministry of Justice report found that there has been a 70 per cent rise in BME being stopped and searched over the past 5 years. In England and Wales as a whole it was recorded that 18 people of a white background and 135 of a BME background per 1000 of the population were subject to the use of Stop and Search by the police under section 1 of PACE 1984 (MJ, 2010). The statistics show that under PACE, Black people were 7. 2 times more likely, and Asian people were 2. 1 times more likely to be stopped and searched than white people (MJ, 2010). It could therefore be argued that stop and searches are disproportionately carried out on people from BME backgrounds, under both PACE and the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act. However, there was a large variation in the number of stop and searches throughout England and Wales. In London the number per 1000 of the population was 47 white and 210 black. This variation is a result of several factors. Firstly, 54 percent of the black population of England and Wales live in London, and are therefore more likely to be stopped and searched than any other area. Secondly, 42 percent of all stop and searches are carried out by the Metropolitan Police Service, which only serve 14 percent of the whole population of England and Wales (MJ, 2010). In contrast, there are other areas within England and Wales such as Cumbria and Durham where the rate of stop and searches per 1000 of the population for those from black backgrounds compared to white backgrounds was 0. 7. This means that more white people are stopped and searched per 1000 of the population than black people (MJ, 2010). Findings from the report Offending, Crime and Justice Survey 2003-06 suggested that an individuals ethnic group was not significantly associated with increased or reduced likelihood of offending (MJ, 2010). It is however, believed that BME communities are considered to be suspect populations (Webster, 2010;95) with the tendency for black and Asian communities to receive greatly inferior treatment by the police, leading to their involvement with the criminal justice system. Similar to the stop and search statistics, people from BME groups experienced more arrests per 1000 of the population than people of white backgrounds, and black people were 3. 3 times more likely to get arrested than white people (MJ, 2010). However, Phillips and Browns study in 1998 found that of the cases that went to the Crown Prosecution Service, the proportions that were terminated were 27 per cent for Asians, 20 per cent for black people and 12 per cent for white people (Bhui, 2009;35). This strongly suggests that black and Asian people were more likely to be arrested and charged without sufficient evidence to prosecute. Despite the conviction rates being substantially higher for white people compared to those from BME groups (MJ, 2010) in 2008, the percentage of white adults sentenced to immediate custody for indictable offences was under 29 percent, while BME groups ranged from 42 to 52 percent (MJ, 2010). This higher percentage is not necessarily due to discrimination, but rather a number of other factors, such as the seriousness of the offence committed, mitigating or aggravating factors and whether or not the defendant pleads guilty. Research has shown that people from BME backgrounds are more likely to plead not guilty, and hence be tried in a Crown court (MJ, 2010). In fact 48 per cent of black offenders plead not guilty compared to 30 per cent of white offenders. If offenders are found guilty after pleading not guilty, they are often given heavier and longer sentences (Marsh et al, 2010;178) and this may be a reason why there are more black offenders in prison. Although people from BME backgrounds account for less than 11 per cent of the British population, they account for a much higher proportion of the prison population. On the 30th June 2009, 20 percent of prisoners identified themselves as being from BME groups (MJ, 2010). The total prison population excluding foreign nationals has experienced increased numbers from all ethnic backgrounds since 2005, but most notably from Asian and Mixed groups. Those from a white ethnic background had the smallest increase (MJ, 2010). The result of such overrepresentation of people from BME backgrounds, in particular black people, is that there are some prisons in the south east of England that are now virtually all black (Ramesh, 2010). The disproportionate presence of people from BME groups could mean one of two things. People from BME groups may be discriminated against at the point of entry into the criminal justice system and this subsequently continues to the point of imprisonment. Alternatively, the groups are actually more involved in crime than others for reasons particular to that group (Hale et al, 2009;419). It is of common belief that the true answer lies somewhere between the two theories, yet self report studies have indicated that white people commit just as much or even more crime than those from BME groups (Kalunta-Crumpton, 2010). Evidence from several studies has shown that there are three overarching causes for the overrepresentation of BME groups in the Criminal Justice System, all of which compound each other. Firstly, social exclusion is a longstanding primary cause (House of Commons; Home Affairs Committee (HC), 2007). Secondly, factors specific to the black community such as family patterns and cultures amongst black people, both fuel and compound socio-economic deprivation. Thirdly, the structure and the way the criminal justice system operates mean more young BME people come into contact, and stay in contact, with the system (HC, 2010). There is considerable racial inequality in the criminal justice system with a massive underrepresentation of people from BME backgrounds in judiciary and court positions (Marsh et al, 2010;179). A recent report by the Ministry of Justice found that, as of April 2009 in the courts based judiciary, a mere 4. 5 per cent of judges were from BME backgrounds, and represented just 3 of the 163 High Court judges (MJ, 2010). This is a point that was highlighted in the Lawrence Inquiry, and in particular the failure of the police service to recruit minority ethnic officers. Recommendation 65 of the Lawrence Report stated that the police service ought to develop more initiatives to increase the number of minority ethnic recruits (Bhui, 2009;54). Despite such attempts to recruit more people from BME groups, the police force is still a predominantly white institution with only 4. 4 percent of officers in post coming from a BME background (Hansard, 2010), and this is reflected in the feelings of people from BME groups. A study conducted by Shute et al showed that one fifth of black defendants felt that their treatment had been influenced by racial bias (Marsh et al, 2010). Of the black and Asian defendants who thought that they had been given longer custodial sentences, over half put it down to their ethnicity rather than what they had done or said in court (Marsh et al, 2010), indicating the feeling amongst people from BME groups that institutional racism still exists within the criminal justice system. Such thoughts of institutional racism within the criminal justice system were again identified with the tragic incident in March 2000 when Zahid Mubarek, a 19 year old Asian prisoner at Feltham young offender institution, was murdered by a cell mate with a history of racist and violent behaviour (Nacro, 2003). It is regarded that social exclusion is the key reason for the overrepresentation of ethnic minorities within the criminal justice system. BME groups are socially and economically disadvantaged compared with white people and are more likely to come to police attention (Bhui, 2009;34). This socio-economic disadvantage stretches back to the post-war period when the first settlers from the Caribbean were forced into ghettoes because of racial prejudice and restricted access to accommodation, resulting in them being stacked in deprived areas where schools were substandard, employment opportunities were minimal and long-term prospects to hold the family together were limited (HC, 2010). It is believed that the disproportional presence of ethnic minorities has arisen due to the idea that policing bares down more heavily on those that frequent public spaces more often (Maguire et al, 2007;437). This happens to be black and Asian people as they are still subjected to high rates of unemployment, homelessness and nocturnal shift work. It is noted that 80 per cent of black African and black Caribbean communities live in particularly deprived, high crime urban areas such as Neighbourhood Renewal Fund areas (Bhui, 2009;32). It is the combination of all of these factors that place such individuals at greater risk of being stopped and searched (Maguire et al, 2007;437). The House of Commons Home Affairs Committee found that in 2007, all the minority ethnic groups within the black category are consistently below the national average across all Key Stages, at GCSE and equivalent and Post-16. At GCSE and equivalent, 45 per cent of black Caribbean pupils, and 51 per cent of black African pupils achieved 5 or more A*-C grades compared to 57 per cent nationally (HC, 2007). The committee concluded that the failure of the education system to educate our black boys provides a breeding ground for disaffection that undoubtedly leads many to seek alternative means to obtain a good standard of living or gain respect from their peers (HC, 2007). Conversely, the recent report How Fair is Britain produced by the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC), shows that ethnic differences are narrowing at GCSE level, except for the top two highest performing groups; Chinese and Indian (EHRC, 2010). Educational underachievement is fed by rates of exclusion, which is higher for black young people than any other ethnic group. The 2006 Department for Education Skills (DfES) report shows that 9. 6 per cent of black Caribbean young people had had a fixed period exclusion compared with a national average for all pupils of 5 per cent (DfES, 2006). Excluded young people, regardless of ethnicity, are twice as likely to commit offences as children in mainstream school according to the Youth Justice Boards (YJB) survey completed by MORI. In a recent survey 23 per cent of young people in mainstream school said they had committed an offence in the last 12 months, while 60per cent of excluded young people say they had committed an offence over the same period (YJB, 2009). This is a clear indication that young black people are more likely to be excluded from school, and subsequently more likely to offend. Asian children on the other hand had the lowest exclusion rates, followed by children with one white and one Asian parent (EHRC, 2010). The success of Asian children in education ties in with their low offending rates. Such traits have traditionally been explained as the result of strong informal controls said to inhere in Asian culture and family life (Webster, 2010;97). In 2007, at a time of growing gun and knife crime, former Prime Minister Tony Blair, insisted that we needed to stop pretending it was a problem for the general population (Blair, 2007), but rather an issue for the black community to resolve (Hale et al, 2009). This idea has been reaffirmed in statistics such as the figures from Operation Trident, a Metropolitan Police Service operation intended to deal with shootings among black people living in London in 2006. The operations findings detailed in the Home Affairs Committee report showed that, of all the firearms homicides and shootings in 2006 in London, 75 per cent of victims and 79 per cent of suspects were black (HC, 2010). These statistics reflect the idea that the majority of offending by people from minority ethnic backgrounds is intra-racial. It was also found that the boroughs with the highest firearms offences such as Hackney and Lambeth had the highest density of black population in London, as well as being some of the most deprived (HC, 2010). Furthermore, recent research in the UK suggests that homicide rates are associated with levels of poverty and deprivation (HC, 2010). It is this level of involvement and overrepresentation that is the greatest cause for concern for some sections of black and minority ethnic communities. The Director of Equalities and Policing at the Greater London Authority, Lee Jasper said of the situation we have, quite literally, a crisis in the black community among our young black people (HC, 2010). Self report studies ask some general questions about the respondents social and economic situation and then they are asked to describe any offences that they have committed. This technique relies solely upon the honesty of interviewees to reveal their offending behaviour. Self report surveys have produced controversial findings and in particular have suggested that race differences usually observed in official records are either absent or much reduced (Bowling and Phillips, 2002;99). The 2003 Offending, Crime and Justice Study found that in actual fact, white respondents were more likely than black or Asian respondents to say that they had offended (Bhui, 2009;32). The findings of such studies have indicated that the dark figure of crime is more likely to be committed by white people than those from BME backgrounds (Kalunta-Crumpton, 2010). In Australia, they face a slightly different issue, in that the indigenous population of Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander people are massively overrepresented in the justice system, and it is a result of historical discrimination, over-regulation and unfair treatment (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2006). Indigenous people make up 2. 5 per cent of the population in Australia, yet in 2008 they accounted for 29. 3 per cent and 24. 1 per cent of the female and male prisoners respectively (Bartels, 2010); a rate 17 times higher than that for non-indigenous people (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2010). These figures varied throughout the different territories of Australia. For example, in Victoria, Indigenous people accounted for 6 per cent of the prison population, much lower but still overrepresented compared to their presence in the general population. In the Northern Territories however, the situation is much worse, with Indigenous people representing 83 per cent of the prison population. This is a startling illustration of the massive overrepresentation of Indigenous population in the criminal justice system. One explanation considered by some authors such as Bartels, is that the Indigenous population is significantly younger than the non-indigenous population. A census in 2006 found that the median age for both Indigenous and Non-Indigenous populations was 21 and 37 respectively (Australian Government, 2008), and thus a reason for the high number of Indigenous people coming into contact with the criminal justice system. In the United States of America, they face a similar if not more extreme situation than in Britain and most Western European countries. The Washington DC based research group, The Sentencing Project reported that today there are more African American men in prison and jail than in college (Walker et al, 2007;xiii). Despite black people only representing 12 per cent of the United States population, nearly half of all prisoners in the USA are African-American (Webster, 2007), and it is predicted that nearly one third of African-American males born today will go to prison (Ramesh, 2010). The US Justice Department have released statistics that suggest approximately 40 to 45 per cent of the US prison population is black (Ramesh, 2010), and that black people represent 31 per cent of arrests and 37 per cent of all violent arrests. Walker et al concluded in The Color of Justice, that the US criminal justice system is contextually discriminatory, in that discrimination does occur within certain parts of the system but not all parts, all of the time (Walker et al, 2007;419). The recent statistics from the Ministry of Justice paint a very clear picture as to the substantial differences that exist between the experiences of BME groups compared with white people, and in particular the experiences of black people. The central problem with the disproportionate presence of ethnic minorities in the criminal justice system is their under-representation in criminal justice professions coupled with their overrepresentation as suspects, defendants and prisoners (Newburn, 2007). Longstanding tension between the police and ethnic minorities still plays a significant part in the discrimination of ethnic minorities and is demonstrated in such documentaries as The Secret Policeman (Daly, 2003), highlighting that racism within the police force still occurs. Although many positive steps have been taken to eliminate institutional racism within the police force since the Lawrence Inquiry, there is still more that needs to be done. The police are not the only institution criticised of being discriminatory, with the Prison service also displaying such traits. It could be argued that the criminal justice system as a whole is still considered institutionally racist. Minority ethnic communities around the world are suffering from the same issues faced by those in England and Wales. The Australian prison population figures illustrate the startling discrimination the indigenous population of Australia face. The United States of America have a justice system described as contextually discriminatory (Walker et al, 2007;419), with an increasing population of black prisoners, many of which have committed violent or drug related offences. Despite numerous studies by academics and government departments, it has been considered that all research has failed to conclusively prove whether the disproportionate presence of people from minority ethnic backgrounds in the criminal justice system is through discrimination or other factors (Webster, 2007). It would appear however, that BME groups are most definitely overrepresented at every stage of the criminal justice system. From the findings of self report studies it can be inferred that the overrepresentation of ethnic minorities is not a result of disproportionate offending, but rather a combination of different factors. Similarly, the issue is not one solely of institutional racism within the criminal justice system. Unfortunately people from minority ethnic backgrounds live in the most deprived urban areas, with the highest crime rates, and therefore are undoubtedly over-policed. Young people from BME backgrounds are consistently underachieving in education and are almost twice as likely to have a fixed period of exclusion compared to the national average, and subsequently twice as likely to offend. Upon being charged for an offence, people from BME backgrounds are more likely to plead not guilty, and hence tried in the Crown court, where if found guilty, will receive a heavier sentence. It is the compounded effect of these factors that are the major cause of the disproportionate presence of ethnic minorities within the criminal justice system, and without addressing these issues first and foremost, their presence will simply increase.

Italian Subject Pronouns

Italian Subject Pronouns HE went to the store, and SHE called to remind him to get wine, then THEY walked to their friend’s house together. What do the words in capital letters have in common? They’re all subject pronouns in English, and they exist to replace nouns that are the subject within clauses. In Italian, they serve that same function. Here’s what subject pronouns would look like in Italian. Subject Pronouns in Italian Singolare Singular io I tu you (familiar) lui (egli/esso) he lei (ella/essa) she Lei you (formal) Plurale Plural noi we voi you (familiar) loro (essi) they (m.) loro (esse) they (f.) Loro you (formal) In modern Italian, he, she, and they are usually expressed by lui, lei, and loro, respectively. TIP: You might have seen the words â€Å"egli, ella, essi, esse†, but note that these are used more in written Italian than in the spoken language. â€Å"Esso† and â€Å"essa† are seldom used. Remember that tu is used in addressing members of the family, peers, children, close friends, and animals. In all other cases, Lei and its plural Loro are used. Finally, note that the subject pronouns Lei and Loro always take, respectively, the third person singular and the third person plural of the verb. Does It Stay or Go? However, when you’re listening to Italian,  you’ll often notice that native speakers will drop subject pronouns because typically the verb conjugations will tell who is completing the action, so using the subject pronouns sounds too repetitive. In the examples below, the subject pronoun in parentheses can be left out of  the sentence. (Io) Vado al cinema. - I’m going to the movies.(Tu) hai fratelli maggiori? - Do you have older siblings?(Lei) vuole mangiare con noi? - Does she want to eat with us?(Lui) vuole giocare a calcio con noi? - Does he want to play soccer with us? When it comes to the third person singular, you may have to use the subject pronoun to specify whether it’s â€Å"her† or â€Å"him†. (Noi) andiamo in spiaggia oggi? - Are we going to the beach today?(Voi) Sentite le notizie? - Did you all hear the news?(Loro) Vanno in Germania. - They are going to Germany. If you remember to drop the subject pronoun, your Italian will already sound a bit more native. That being said, you can use the subject pronoun when you want to add emphasis to a sentence. For example: Offro IO la cena./La cena  la offro IO.  - I’M paying for dinner.Scegli TU il fim. - YOU choose the movie. Another area where you definitely want to use the subject pronoun is when it’s being modified by the word â€Å"anche†, which means â€Å"also† in Italian. For example: Anche io voglio andare al mare. - I also want to go to the sea.No, anche lei mi ha detto che non era la verit. - No, she also told me it wasn’t the truth.

Nihilism of the Female Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nihilism of the Female Gender - Essay Example The Lowrider magazine is a monthly that focuses solely on the Lowrider model of cars. The magazine relies mostly on female models to advertise its cars. These advertisements normally contain images of the cars themselves, almost naked women and other graphics depicting the allure of the vehicles. While many may claim that depicting women as sexual objects is good for business, it does not that doing so is right. The use of demoralizing gender depictions in media advertising is both stereotypical and inhuman. Lowrider magazine is just one example of how women allow themselves to be used in derogatory situations just so as to please other people. The advert in the August issue of Lowrider magazine under discussion is featured under the article 1963 Chevrolet Impala - Ladies Night Out by Mike Landers. The advert is a two-page spread that specifically features a beautiful model sitting on the rear end of a sporty lowrider (car). The car being advertised is multicolored, most of it black, orange and yellow. Images of naked or scantily dressed women mark its decoration. Although the car covers a significant portion of the advert, the scantily dressed model is central in the picture. The woman has a broad smile on her face and assumes a sexy pose; her breasts thrust forward and her butts thrust in the opposite direction in a near sitting position. The woman is positioned close to the shiny spare wheel that is locked at the rear of the 1963 Chevrolet Impala. The beautiful lowrider is colorful and is presented as an object worth admiring, more like the model in stilettos. The words used in this specific advert imply that the car gives a feeling of majesty and designed to give utmost comfort and leisure. J Ayala, the model featured in the magazine is wearing thongs, a beautiful precious bangle on her right hand and white thongs on her breast, her nipples clearly exposed. She is also wearing a white g-string leaving most of her body nakedly exposed. On her ears, Ayala is wearing flowing earrings that match her bra partly covered with her long hair. She has a tattoo on her abdomen near her belly button and decorations of different colors on both of her feet. Her finger and toe nails are well manicured and her face neatly laced with make-up. Lowrider magazine is full of content that highlights the notion that sex sells. Body images of women are used to emphasize the attractiveness of the lowrider cars on sale. The written content is full of sexual innuendo that is meant to attract male customers. On the cover of every magazine issue, there is normally an attractive woman dressed only in bikini and many times standing next to an equally attractive car (Lowrider Magazine). It is clear from the advertisements and content of the Lowrider magazine that the specific target audience are men, mostly those who are aged between 20 and 40 years. Lowriders are well known as being flashy cars, the type that any man between 20 and 40 years would like to own. It is also a well known fact that sex sells, especially where men are concerned. Therefore, including sex symbols alongside the advertisements is a logical way of improving sales by attracting as many customers as possible. The median age of the target audience is likely to be around 25 to 30 according to the type of adverts on the magazine pages. Many of these men are likely to be single and living on their own and not in their parents’ house. They are economically stable since they can afford the lowriders. Most of the customers and target customers are also likely to be in

The reader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The reader - Essay Example This is true with respect to The Reader as well. While the movie certainly deserves its acclaim, especially on its technical aspects, there are crucial differences between the two versions. This essay will argue that the movie The Reader fails to capture the central thrust and focus of the novel in terms of capturing the personalities and thoughts of Hanna and Michael in their entirety. As a result of this deviation, it would stand second to the novel in terms of its aesthetic and moral significance to the audience. When evaluating the novel, one has to see it in the context of the burgeoning body of holocaust literature that has been published in the last sixty years. Rather than dealing in dichotomies of good and evil in the characters of Hanna and Michael, Bernhard Schlink does present a nuanced view of the questions confronting an entire generation of Germans post holocaust. While the work of art provides an entry point for further exploration of the moral aspects of the holocaust, it is simultaneously a statement on the limitations of the written word to convey and elicit comprehensive responses. To the extent that this is an accepted fact, not just applicable to the lead characters of The Reader, but for the Novel in general, the author does a satisfactory job of perceiving and probing answers to these tough questions. In other words, the Bernhard Schlink novel succeeds in meeting its set objectives. This is further borne by the fact that the book was translated into 37 languages and incl uded in the curricula of several graduate courses. To take the above mentioned assessment a little deeper, let us take a specific example. Early in the narrative of the novel we come across this memorable piece of writing (the narrator is the young Michael Berg): â€Å"As she was reaching for the other stocking, she paused, turning towards the door, and

Starbucks HR Policies and Practices

Starbucks HR Policies and Practices Contents (Jump to) IntroductionBackground of the Study DefinitionsRationaleHRMOrganizational PerformanceHuman Capital Advantage Company Information [Starbucks] Literature ReviewHRM and Organizational PerformanceHRM Policies PracticesRecruitment Selection PolicyReward PolicyEmployees Development PolicyHuman Capital and Competitive Advantage Critical AnalysisCurrent and past HRM policies in StarbucksPast and current HRM challenges in Starbucks HRM Policies and StarbucksRecruitment selection Policy and StarbucksReward Policy and StarbucksEmployees Development Policy and Starbucks Personal Reflection LearningIssues Identified in Starbucks Policies Recommendations and ConclusionsRecommendationsConclusion References In this essay the impacts of Human Resource Management (HRM) policies are evaluated on organizational performance with a thorough study of Starbucks. It provides complete insides into the Human Resource (HR) three dimensional model and its implementation in Starbucks is evaluated. Introduction Background of the Study The workforce of an organization is considered as a source of competitive edge over the competitors for that organization (Barney, 1991) (Barney, 1991) (Pfeffer, 1998). So due to this the significance of the employees has risen greatly and the need of the organization to develop a better human resource system has become one of the major organizational concerns to ensure the optimum use of human capital to get their maximum productivity. This increasing importance of human capital has raised the interest of the researchers to understand the relationship between high performance and effective human resource management policies and so far many researchers have also confirmed that effective human resource policies have positive effects over the performance of the organization (Huselid, 1995). But still we can see a huge gap in studies that have been conducted to understand the impacts of that positive relationship between organizational performance and effective human resource management system for multinational companies. Most of the previous researches have been conducted to understand the implications of that relationship on Domestic industries of Europe (e.g., Guest and Hoque, 2008); USA and very few studies have been made in Asia. Rationale This essay is focused to understand the HRM policies adopted by big multinational retail service provider Starbucks and critically discusses what type of value they have created by successful implementation of these HRM policies in the form of more committed and motivated workforce. Definitions HRM HRM is an important function of organizations performed internally in order to hire the required workforce, manage them effectively and ensure that they are working in right direction in order to achieve overall organizational goals (Robert L. Mathis,ÂÂ  John H. Jackson, 2008). Organizational Performance When we compare the planned or expected output of the organization with the actual performance we can get the organizational performance level (Daniel M Wentland, 2009). Human Capital Advantage According to Boxal, 1996 the human capital advantage is collection of all specific HR activities that are considered as special features of that firm, although these practices are performed by using formal as well as informal both types of processes. Company Information [Starbucks] This essay discusses the effectiveness of HRM policies on the organizational performance of Starbucks. It is one of the some major organizations, dealing in retail sector that offers magnificent benefits to its both full time and part time employees. Starbucks is coffee Stores Company originated in 1917 in Seattle, USA and now it has become a large organization working at world level in 44 countries with 15000 stores. It is one of the leading organizations in retail business and is known for its special coffee brand and as roaster. The company has implemented five corporate strategies that are; offer best quality products, ensure maximum penetration in market, offering a highly social atmosphere, provide relaxing, develop the best working conditions and increase the profitability of the company by offering high margin products and reducing the costs (Jacqueline L, John L. Colley,ÂÂ   Doyle,ÂÂ  Robert D. Hardie, 2004). It has adopted the Laissez Faire management style and above the management at store level it has hour different levels of management in its organizational structure. The skills that give it advantage of its competitors are the ability to make drinks and the skills of employees. At Starbucks employees are considered as partners of the organization and provided with special trainings to develop better understanding of the product and teach them new methods of brewing and techniques of sales. Partners have powers to take decisions when needed and shift supervisors assign them duties. Evalua tions and Promotions are used to motivate them. The performance of the company is well observed through the balance sheet of last five years as the assets of the company have been doubled as they were in 2005. Owners equity is also raised (SBUX, Balance sheet) Literature Review HRM and Organizational Performance According to most of the HRM specialists the effective human resource management system is very much important to achieve high levels of organizational performance (Delery, 2009; MacDuffie, 1999). According to them the effective Human resource management system is mostly designed to ensure high organizational performance by getting optimum overall output of the company rather than having more focus on individual performance. As Reeves and Dare (2007) describes that we can get high performance from an employee by increasing his motivation and abilities by using any method. In the field of HRM and organizational performance a significant contribution is from Huczynski and Buchanan, 2009. According to them when HRM activities are designed in an organization according to its strategy it increases the productivity level of the organization, reduces its turnover and also enables it to perform well in financial sector (Huczynski Buchanan, 2009). Their findings proved that when organization succeeded to satisfy its workforce and make them committed it can make its performance in corporate sector much better. The productivity is also very much dependant on the job design (Huczynski Buchanan, 2009). HRM Policies Practices According to Huselid and Becker (1995) have critically examined the human resource management system and find out the three major dimensions of it. Recruitment Selection Policy Many studies have proved that an effective recruitment and selection process in organization is very much crucial for its success and to achieve high performance goal of the company. The system should be rigorous and should be designed to meet the overall organizational goals according to Reeves ad Dare (2007). The researchers have found that there is a positive relationship between effective recruitment and selection process of the company and overall organizational performance. When organization selects employees who best match its requirements and have enough abilities to contribute to the overall success of the company they can reduce their cost of employee development, they dont need to invest in employee training programs that costs a lot to the organizations. Reward Policy According to many researchers the compensation based on performance is a very successful tool to get high performance level (e.g. Arthur, 1998; Delery and Doty, 2009; Huselid, 1995; MacDuffie, 1999). Doty and Delery (2009) even declare the reward system based on performance as only method of achieving high performance level. Along these many other studies have discussed the positive relationship of performance based reward system with the overall performance of the organization Like in control theory by Snell, 1999, cost theory by Wright and Jones, 1992, and agency theory by Eisenhardt, 1988 and all these studies have found a positive relationship between the overall performance of the organization and the reward system based on performance. According to expectancy theory by Vroom 1964 the high performance level of an individual can be expected if organization meet his expected needs. But most important thing is that the reward system based on performance is dependent on other functi ons of human resource management. The individual output should not be the only basis of rewards provided by the company; organization should also consider the contributions of that person in the overall organizational performance. Employees Development Policy The performance of an organization is very much dependant on the employees development policy of the organization. Organizations use a number of practices in order to develop their human capital. First of all the investments made by the organization, to provide non-technical and technical trainings to its workforce, determines the success of organization to increase the knowledge level of its employees. According to many researchers like Huselid and Delaney (1995), McGrath and Koch (1996), Huselid (1995) the organizational performance can be increased greatly by providing proper training to the workforce. They all have developed a positive relationship between overall organizational performance and the employee development policies of the organization. Organizational are now more concerned to develop their employees in order to achieve high performance they invest in their trainings and also try to make it possible to have long-term mutually beneficial relationship with them (Doty an d Delery 2009). In order to enable their employees to plan their careers properly they design proper career development programs for them. The companies that have promotion system from within the organization they have usually more committed and motivated employees as they want to work hard in order to get promotion (Snell and Lepak, 1999) and when company adopts internal promotion system it shows the commitment of the organization towards its workforce. Human Capital and Competitive Advantage With the increasing globalization trends the importance of skilled human resource have raised greatly, now human resource is considered that if an organization invests its efforts to Develop its human resource as an advantage in result that human capital will contribute to establish overall competitive advantage of the organization (Boxal, 1999). Critical Analysis Current and past HRM policies in Starbucks The committed and motivated employees have great significance in the overall organizational success and Starbucks realize that very early. So Starbucks gave great importance to recruitment process in order to select right people for jobs and develop them and retain them in order to get sustainable high performance of the organization. And effective HRM policies adopted by the company also shows its commitment towards its human resource. From its start Starbucks has given great importance to its frontline staff and baristas because they give it competitive advantage by providing the customers the experience of the Starbucks. They always remained the center of the companys attentions. From first day while hiring someone for company, the qualities that are given great importance are dependability, adaptability and ability of the candidate to work as an effective member of a team. Still, as current HR policy to develop the right people the Starbucks is making huge investments in the development and training processes of the workforce. They are taught the techniques and skills that they will be required to perform their tasks while working at Starbucks and increase their efficiency as well. With these huge investments in human resource the Starbucks can expect to have strong employee satisfaction level (HRM, Starbucks). Past and current HRM challenges in Starbucks The biggest challenge that Starbucks cope with in first decade of 21st century is to maintain the goodwill of the organization while having a high expansion rate and to develop the qualified workforce to support its expansion policy. The analysts were in doubt that with this fast expansion policy whether it would be able to meet the goals to be a positive employer. In early years of 21st century the company claimed that its huge costs on human development have been showing great in the financial position of the organization. In fiscal year 2004 the spending on human resource development was more than its spending on advertising expenses that were $68.3 million. In mid of 2004 in order to meet these heavy costs the company needed to increase the price of its beverages with 11cents these were already premium prices for the Starbucks products. But other hand company was not in position to cut down the incentives that it provides to workforce because that action can lead a major decrease in their morale. Starbucks still keeps its high expansion policy as every day it is adding 5 new stores in its portfolio with 200 new employees. So the challenges for Starbucks are not changed as they were at the start of 21st century (SBUX, Daily Finance). HRM Policies and Starbucks Recruitment selection Policy and Starbucks Starbucks is one of the world biggest organizations and having each day addition of five new stores in its large profile and in order to maintain this magnificent growth Starbucks has to hire 200 new employees every day. The process of recruitment in Starbucks includes many tools like interview of the candidates in which they also attend the sessions of coffee tasting and the terms and conditions are being developed and they are emphasized to provide with notes that are handwritten rather than response letters also the use to phone calls if appreciated. By using all these tools Starbucks get to know the response time of candidates. Starbucks also asks its recruiters to regularly send gift cards of Starbucks to its job applicants whether they are selected or not for job they must be treated as customers for the company. The process of recruitment in Starbucks is specifically designed for the job that is needed to be filled. The mission of the Starbucks is to expect the diversity and p rovide the employees the opportunity to develop themselves. After passing the interview Starbucks first train its employees before final selection (Starbucks, ICMR India). Reward Policy and Starbucks Starbucks always give more importance to its people than products, in a store staff it has 16 partners and one manager and one assistant manager on them. The incentives that Starbucks provide to its workforce are free health care that also includes vision and dental care facilities. It offers Stock options as well in the form of extra benefits and along this the employees who work average 20 hours a week for the company and continue it for three months company provides them shift drinks free and free pound of tea or coffee in every week. The rise in salaries of employees is based on performance evaluations that are conducted semi annually and these raises can be from 0% to 5%. Company does not offer any monetary bonuses but provide many non monetary awards like it offers about 30% discounts to the employees on all goods that they buy (Starbucks, ICMR India). The contribution of partners in overall organizational performance is recognized by several different kinds of programs. Just l ike company has implemented a program of Green Apron, that is an evidence of Starbucks commitment towards environmental issues and its brand behavior. Green Apron book is provided to every partner that contains the values of the company and desired behaviors and peer recognition cards. Team contributions are also recognized to evaluate their performance. Employees Development Policy and Starbucks In employee development policy Starbucks has designed training programs and learning sessions for new as well as existing employees. The employees are provided refresher courses in order to align their skills with industry customer demands. In training programs that Starbucks offers to its employees include; customer dealing techniques, coffee making workshops, customer care programs. Personal Reflection: I will make the comparison of Starbucks with an IRAN based coffee provider named Tunnel Restaurant Coffee Shop. This is a big chain of Coffee shops and restaurants with 15000 employees in IRAN. The chain network of the company is spread in whole IRAN with 724 stores. If we compare the three HR dimensional model of this restaurant with Starbucks; The reward system in Tunnel restaurant is not based on performance of the workers they have fixed reward system and annual bonuses that are aligned with religious festivals. While Starbucks ha performance based reward system discussed above. They lack the business knowledge due to the nonexistence of capital based business. Employee development also not that much efficient as they still based on traditional views and take human resource as business costs. Employee selection process is much better and we can say too much extant same like Starbucks they have policy to hire the people from the area where they operate their store (ChefMoz Dining Guide, Tunnel Restaurant Coffee Shop, 2009). Learning: The application of three HR dimensional model for performance of Starbucks has helped me a lot to develop understanding about how to identify the organizational needs and designing systems according to those specific areas where need occurs and to cover the deficiencies. These three dimensions are very much crucial for the organizations as they help to develop the business to create most precious asset that is human capital. Issues Identified in Starbucks policies: Most of the workforce of Starbucks is below the 20 years of age and the incentives that Starbucks is providing are more focused on health facilities that include medical, vision and dental care facilities and also Stock options for employees. The numbers of monetary awards that are being offered to employees are very few include semi-annual raises and wage rates based on per hour working. Although the focus of the Starbucks is more on providing the third place atmosphere but still the turnover rate of employees is very high and one of the big reasons behind it is the exchange of managers in store whenever upper management wants so it has very bad impacts on the partners. One more issue that company is facing in this area is that although the focus of the company is equal on direct labors and high margin products but the performance of some stores is not satisfactory in this segment. Recommendations and Conclusions Recommendations Although Starbucks is one of those few multinationals that have strong commitment towards their people but after this study we can make many recommendations to the company to do in near future in order to increase their performance; While designing the incentive package for the employees company should also consider the age factor of them and offer benefits according to their needs. The number of monetary awards should also be increased with non monetary benefits as it is argued that monetary benefits motivate faster and have long term effects on employees. The exchange of managing level staff should not be frequent. The audit should be done carefully and the stores that are not performing well they should be closed as they cause extra costs to the company. Conclusion Starbucks is one of the big organizations of the globe it has a large employee base and the way through which it is managing its employees is very appreciable although the need for more work in some areas is always remain even in perfect systems. References Barney, Jay B, 2004, sustained competitive advantage and resources of Firm. Management journal, pp 99-120. Boxall, P. (1998), Achieving competitive advantage through human resource strategy: towards a theory of industry dynamics, Human Resource Management Review, pp. 265-288. ChefMoz Dining Guide, 2009, Tunnel Restaurant Coffee Shop Delaney and Huselid, 1995, HRM impact on organizational performance perceptions. Journal of Management, PP 949-969. Delery, Harold Doty, 2009, Models of theorizing in strategic human resource management, Academy of Management Journal, pp 802-835. Dyer, Lee Todd Reeves. 2007. Human resource strategies and firm performance, The International Journal of HRM, pp 656-670. Daniel M Wentland, 2009, Organizational Performance in a Nutshell, pp 3-7. Eisenhardt, Kathleen 1988, Agency and institutional-theory explanations: The case of retail sales compensation. Academy of Management Journal, pp 488-511. Guest and Kim Hoque, 2008, in new non-union workplaces the Employment relations. HRM Journal, pp 1-14. Huczynski, A.A., Buchanan, D.A. (2009), Organizational Behavior. 6th edn. Pearson Education. Jones, G. Patrick. Wright, 1992, an economic approach to conceptualizing the utility of human resource management practices, pp 271-300. Jacqueline L. Doyle,ÂÂ  John L. Colley,ÂÂ  Robert D. Hardie, 2004, Corporate Strategy, Corporate Strategy, pp 1-25. MacDuffie, John P, 1999, manufacturing performance and Human resource bundles: Industrial Relations Labor Review, pp 197-221. Robert L. Mathis,ÂÂ  John H. Jackson, 2008, Human resource management, strategic HR management and planning, pp 33-64. Pfeffer, Jeffrey. 2007. The human equation: Building profits by putting people first. Boston: Harvard Business Press. Snell, Lepak and D.P, 1999, the human resource architecture, academy of management, pp 31-48. Vroom, Victor. 1964. Work and motivation. New York: Wiley. Starbucks Growth Challenge and HRM Policies available at: http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Human%20Resource%20and%20Organization%20Behavior/Starbucks%20Human%20Resource%20Management-Growth%20Challenge-Case%20Studies.htm#The_Human_Resources_Challenge Starbucks, Wikipedia.org http://www.starbucks.com/